Why the "volcanic crisis" in Iceland is set to last

The volcanic activity in Iceland is a phenomenon that has captured the attention of scientists and the public alike. This activity is not a recent development but part of a long-standing geological process that is expected to continue for centuries. The Reykjanes Peninsula, located near Reykjavík, has been a hotspot for volcanic eruptions, with seven significant events occurring since 2021.
The Fagradalsfjall volcano, which erupted on March 19, 2021, marked the beginning of this recent series of eruptions. This was followed by two more eruptions at Fagradalsfjall in 2022 and 2023. The volcanic activity then shifted to the Sundhnúkur fissure system, where four more eruptions occurred in 2023 and 20241. These eruptions have not only provided spectacular natural displays but have also posed significant threats to nearby communities and infrastructure. The fishing town of Grindavík, the geothermal power plant at Svartsengi, and the famous Blue Lagoon spa have all been at risk from the advancing lava.
Iceland’s unique position on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates meet, is a key factor in its volcanic activity. The plates are moving apart at a rate of about 1 centimeter per year, creating a rift that allows magma to rise to the surface1. This process is further influenced by a hot, rocky plume beneath Iceland, which contributes to the formation of volcanoes.

The recent eruptions have been driven by pooling magma beneath the surface. This magma builds up pressure until it finds a weak point in the crust, resulting in an eruption. The initial eruption in 2021 created pathways that made it easier for subsequent eruptions to occur. This pattern of activity is not random but follows a cyclical nature, with periods of intense volcanic activity followed by quieter phases. Historical records indicate that similar periods of volcanic activity have occurred in the past, lasting for centuries.
The implications of this ongoing volcanic activity are significant. The eruptions have the potential to disrupt air travel, as seen during the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, which caused widespread flight cancellations across Europe. The volcanic ash can also impact agriculture and water supplies, posing challenges for local communities.
Scientists continue to monitor the volcanic activity in Iceland closely. Advances in technology have allowed for more precise measurements of ground deformation and gas emissions, providing valuable data for predicting future eruptions. However, the unpredictable nature of volcanic activity means that it remains a constant challenge for those living in the region.
The volcanic crisis in Iceland is a reminder of the fiery nature of our planet. The forces driving these eruptions are a fundamental part of Earth’s geological processes, shaping the landscape and influencing the environment. As the volcanic activity continues, it will undoubtedly provide further opportunities for scientific study and a deeper understanding of the powerful forces at work beneath our feet.